Transport and Environment

The transport sector is a major consumer of energy and with 59 Mt CO2, or 17% of total greenhouse gases, the 2nd largest emitter in Thailand. This translates into 0.88 tonnes per capita. Freight and passenger transport are almost equal in their contribution to energy use and GHG emissions. The Bangkok metropolitan area is responsible for about 44% of emissions.
In order to reduce energy consumption, emissions and other externalities, sustainable transport policies and strategies are being developed and implemented. This report reviews existing data, policies and international donor activity in the area of sustainable transport, in order to provide policy-makers, researchers, international donors and other stakeholders a reference document for sustainable transport and climate change.

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This report provides an up-to-date (2016) picture of the transport sector and transport-related
greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation policies in Malaysia, and includes identification of “gaps” where policies and practices can be changed in order to improve overall transportation efficiency and sustainability. The focus of this report is primarily on land transport including both passenger and freight transport. Initially, background transportation and trend analysis is presented (Chapter 2), followed by a presentation and analysis of policies related to sustainable transport based on the ASIF approach (Chapter 3), barriers towards low-carbon transport (Chapter 4), and finally recommendations for further action on policy development and capacity-building (Chapter 5). The report is based on existing literature and policy documents, interviews with policymakers and experts and a limited amount of primary field work.

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The transportation sector in Malaysia accounts for approximately 35% of the total energy consumed nationally, and produces nearly 50 million metric tons (Mt) of CO2 per year (2015), second only to electricity power generation. The vast majority, 85.2% of transportation emissions, comes from road transport. Due to the high rate of personal automobile ownership, cars account for about 59% of the overall emissions from transport, while freight is responsible for 27%. Although there are a roughly equal number of cars and motorcycles on the roads, motorcycles account for only 11% of the CO2 emissions from the transportation sector. As the economy continues to develop the rate of energy consumption rises, and corresponding Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions are also increasing, resulting in an almost constant rate of CO2 emissions per Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

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The study of existing Thailand transport sector data shows that the statistics for vehicle registration for all vehicle types, including by age and fuel type, are readily available. However, other data, notably specific fuel consumption, vehicle speed patterns, occupancy rate, modal split and trip patterns need to be improved.
To address such barriers and improve transport MRV step-by-step, we propose the improvement of data collection through type approval testing and real-life measurements, household surveys, traffic counts, existing data of public transport operators and other surveys. To illustrate, the general population and housing census, as well as the annual socio-economic survey, could be expanded with one or multiple transport questions related to daily commuting; collection of odometer data to support VKT data can be improved. Another issue of data collection relates to vehicle classification, which should be adjusted so as to strike a balance between comprehensiveness and practicality.

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A sustainable and efficient transportation system is important in ensuring sustained economic growth, social progress and environmental protection. This report reviews existing data, institutions and policies in the area of sustainable transport in the Philippines in order to provide policy-makers, researchers, international organisations and other stakeholders a reference document for sustainable transport in the context of energy-efficiency and climate change.

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A sustainable and efficient transportation system is important in ensuring sustained economic growth, social progress and environmental protection. This report reviews existing data, policies and international donor activity in the area of sustainable transport in Vietnam, in order to provide policy-makers, researchers, international organisations and other stakeholders a reference document for sustainable transport in the context of energy-efficiency and climate change.

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